Faculty Directory
David Dunand

Professor of Materials Science and Engineering

Contact

2220 Campus Drive
Cook Hall 1129
Evanston, IL 60208

Email David Dunand

Website

Dunand Research Group

Departments

Materials Science and Engineering

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Education

Ph.D. Metallurgy, MIT, Cambridge, MA

B.S., M.S. Materials Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland


Research Interests

Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy of Multiphase Metallic Materials. My research focuses on metallic alloys, composites, and foams, with particular emphasis on measuring and modeling their mechanical properties. Three main families of materials are being investigated: Dispersion-strengthened metals: aluminum with Al3X (X=Sc, Ti, Zr, Li, rare-earth elements) nano-size precipitates, for energy-efficient transportation, nickel and cobalt-base superalloys with L12 precipitates, and iron-base ferritic superalloys with B2 precipitates. Metallic foams: Foams based on titanium (Ti, Ti-6Al-4V) and nickel for aerospace or implant implications; Foams from shape-memory alloys (Ni-Ti and Ni-Mn-Ga) for biomedical implants or actuators; Freeze cast Cu-, Co-, Fe-, W- and Ni- foams for electrodes in energy applications; 3D printed metallic scaffolds using ink precursors. An additional area of study is the use of synchrotron X-ray radiation to study strains, phase composition and texture in battery materials, structural composites, archeological alloys, r selective laser melting and biomineralized materials (bone and tooth).


Significant Recognition

  • TMS Fellow, 2012
  • Minerals Metals and Materials Society Structural Materials Division Distinguished Scientist/Engineering Award, 2008
  • Fellow, ASM International, 2007
  • Department Teacher of the Year, 1998

Significant Professional Service

  • Co-Director, Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN) 2008-2015
  • James and Margie Krebs Professorship, 2005-present
  • Visiting professor, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland), spring 2000
  • Member, editorial board of Revue de Metallurgie, 1998-present
  • Member, editorial board, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 1998-present
  • Member, user group executive committee, Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, 1998-00
  • AMAX career development chair, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991-96
  • Visiting professor, École Nationale de Chimie (France), summer 1994

Selected Publications

  • Asta, M.; Ghosh, G.; Dunand, D.C.; Vo, N.Q.; Liebscher, C.H., “A hierarchical microstructure due to chemical ordering in the bcc lattice: Early stages of formation in a ferritic Fe-Al-Cr-Ni-Ti alloy”, Acta Materialia, (2015)
  • Dunand, David C.; Zheng, Peiqi; Kucza, Nikole J.; M_llner, Peter; Wang, Zilong, “Effect of directional solidification on texture and magnetic-field-induced strain in Ni-Mn-Ga foams with coarse grains”, Acta Materialia, (2015)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Witherspoon, C.; Zheng, P.; Chmielus, M.; M_llner, P., “Effect of porosity on the magneto-mechanical behavior of polycrystalline magnetic shape-memory Ni-Mn-Ga foams”, Acta Materialia, (2015)
  • Dunand, David C.; Kucza, Nikole J.; Patrick, Charles L.; M_llner, Peter, “Magnetic-field-induced bending and straining of Ni-Mn-Ga single crystal beams with high aspect ratios”, Acta Materialia, (2015)
  • Ren, Y.; Dunand, D.C.; Zheng, P.; M_llner, P.; Wang, Z.L., “Superelasticity by reversible variants reorientation in a Ni-Mn-Ga microwire with bamboo grains”, Acta Materialia, (2015)
  • Dunand, David C.; Almer, Jonathan; Glazer, Matthew P. B.; Cho, Jiung; Okasinski, John, “In Operando Strain Measurement of Bicontinuous Silicon-Coated Nickel Inverse Opal Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries”, Advanced Energy Materials, (2015)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Young, M.L., “Comparing Compositions of Modern Cast Bronze Sculptures: Optical Emission Spectroscopy Versus x-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy”, JOM, (2015)
  • Dunand, David C.; Zheng, Peiqi; Kucza, Nikole J.; Patrick, Charles L.; M_llner, Peter, “Mechanical and magnetic behavior of oligocrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga microwires”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, (2015)
  • Dunand, David C.; Gao, Yan; Zheng, Peiqi; Yuan, Bin; Zhu, Min, “Effect of directional solidification and porosity upon the superelasticity of Cu-Al-Ni shape-memory alloys”, Materials and Design, (2015)
  • Dunand, David C.; Sep_lveda, Ranier; Plunk, Amelia A., “Microstructure of Fe 2 O 3 scaffolds created by freeze-casting and sintering”, Materials Letters, (2015)
  • Brinson, L.C.; Dunand, D.C.; Bewerse, C., “Microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast quasibinary NiTi-Nb eutectic alloy”, Materials Science and Engineering A, (2015)
  • Dunand, David C.; Wang, Cong; Wang, Liqiang, “Microstructure and Strength of NiTi-Nb Eutectic Braze Joining NiTi Wires”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, (2015)
  • Dunand, David C.; Wang, Cong, “Microstructure Evolution During Al, Ti, and Mo Surface Deposition and Volume Diffusion in Ni-20Cr Wires and Woven Structures”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, (2015)
  • Dunand, David C.; Wang, Cong, “Nanoscale Cellular Structures at Phase Boundaries of Ni-Cr-Al-Ti and Ni-Cr-Mo-Al-Ti Superalloys”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, (2015)
  • Philippe, T.; Dunand, D.C.; Voorhees, P.W.; Erdeniz, D., “A phase-field study of the aluminizing of nickel”, Philosophical Magazine, (2015)
  • Dunand, David C.; Erdeniz, Dinc; Sharp, Keith W., “Transient liquid-phase bonded 3D woven Ni-based superalloys”, Scripta Materialia, (2015)
  • Dunand, David C.; Vo, Nhon Q.; Liebscher, Christian H.; Rawlings, Michael J.S.; Asta, Mark, “Creep properties and microstructure of a precipitation-strengthened ferritic Fe-Al-Ni-Cr alloy”, Acta Materialia, (2014)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Seidman, D.N.; Vo, N.Q., “Improving aging and creep resistance in a dilute Al-Sc alloy by microalloying with Si, Zr and Er”, Acta Materialia, (2014)
  • Zhao, L.; Ha, S.; Sharp, K.W.; Geltmacher, A.B.; Fonda, R.W., “Permeability measurements and modeling of topology-optimized metallic 3-D woven lattices”, Acta Materialia, (2014)
  • Dunand, David C.; Zheng, Peiqi; Lindquist, Paul; Yuan, Bin; M_llner, Peter, “Fabricating Ni-Mn-Ga microtubes by diffusion of Mn and Ga into Ni tubes”, Intermetallics, (2014)
  • Dunand, David C.; Erdeniz, Dinc, “Microstructure development during pack aluminization of nickel and nickel-chromium wires”, Intermetallics, (2014)
  • Brinson, L.C.; Dunand, D.C.; Bewerse, C., “NiTi with 3D-interconnected microchannels produced by liquid phase sintering and electrochemical dissolution of steel tubes”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, (2014)
  • Dunand, David C.; Wang, Jun; Chen-Wiegart, Yu-Chen Karen; Wada, Takeshi; Butakov, Nikita, “3D morphological evolution of porous titanium by x-ray micro- and nano-tomography”, Journal of Materials Research, (2013)
  • Dunand, David C.; Ye, Bing; Matsen, Marc R., “Enhanced densification of Ti-6Al-4V/TiC powder blends by transformation mismatch plasticity”, Journal of Materials Research, (2013)
  • Dunand, David C.; Colombo, Paolo; Kumar, Vipin, “Porous materials: Less is more”, Journal of Materials Research, (2013)
  • Dunand, David C.; Scott, Justin A., “Metallic sandwiches with open porosity facings and closed porosity cores for SOFC interconnects”, Materials Science and Engineering A, (2013)
  • Dunand, David C.; Hamilton, Brittany; Oppenheimer, Scott; Lewis, Daniel, “Diffusion bonding of Ti-6Al-4V sheet with Ti-6Al-4V foam for biomedical implant applications”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, (2013)
  • Dunand, David C.; Cox, Marie E., “Anisotropic mechanical properties of amorphous Zr-based foams with aligned, elongated pores”, Acta Materialia, (2013)
  • Chen-Wiegart, Yu-Chen Karen; Dunand, David C.; Wang, Steve; McNulty, Ian, “Effect of Ag-Au composition and acid concentration on dealloying front velocity and cracking during nanoporous gold formation”, Acta Materialia, (2013)
  • Chen-Wiegart, Yu-Chen Karen; Dunand, David C.; Voorhees, Peter W.; Wang, Steve; Lee, Wah-Keat, “In situ imaging of dealloying during nanoporous gold formation by transmission X-ray microscopy”, Acta Materialia, (2013)
  • Dunand, David C.; Witherspoon, Cassie; Zheng, Peiqi; Chmielus, Markus; Vogel, Sven C., “Texture and training of magnetic shape memory foam”, Acta Materialia, (2013)
  • Brinson, L. Catherine; Singhal, Anjali; Yuan, Fang; Almer, Jonathan D.; Dunand, David C., “Evolution of phase strains during tensile loading of bovine cortical bone”, Advanced Engineering Materials, (2013)
  • Singhal, Anjali; Almer, Jonathan D.; Dunand, David C.; Stock, Stuart R., “Effect of cyclic loading on the nanoscale deformation of hydroxyapatite and collagen fibrils in bovine bone”, Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, (2013)
  • Brinson, L. Catherine; Deymier-Black, Alix C.; Singhal, Anjali; Yuan, Fang; Almer, Jonathan D., “Effect of high-energy X-ray irradiation on creep mechanisms in bone and dentin”, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, (2013)
  • Dunand, David C.; Guan, Zhi-Ping, “Compressive creep behavior of cast Bi 2 Te 3”, Materials Science and Engineering A, (2013)
  • Deymier-Black, Alix C.; Singhal, Anjali; Almer, Jonathan D.; Dunand, David C., “Effect of stress and temperature on the micromechanics of creep in highly irradiated bone and dentin”, Materials Science and Engineering C, (2013)
  • Dunand, David C.; Cox, Marie E., “Acoustic Emission Analysis of Damage during Compressive Deformation of Amorphous Zr-Based Foams with Aligned, Elongated Pores”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, (2013)
  • Dunand, David C.; Seidman, David N.; Bocchini, Peter J.; Lass, Eric A.; Moon, Kil-Won, “Atom-probe tomographic study of ?/?? interfaces and compositions in an aged Co-Al-W superalloy”, Scripta Materialia, (2013)
  • Brinson, L.C.; Deymier-Black, A.C.; Yuan, F.; Singhal, A.; Almer, J.D., “Evolution of load transfer between hydroxyapatite and collagen during creep deformation of bone”, Acta Biomaterialia, (2012)
  • Dunand, David C.; Seidman, David N.; Vo, Nhon Q., “Atom probe tomographic study of a friction-stir-processed Al-Mg-Sc alloy”, Acta Materialia, (2012)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Wolverton, C.; Booth-Morrison, C.; Mao, Z.; Diaz, M., “Role of silicon in accelerating the nucleation of Al 3 (Sc,Zr) precipitates in dilute Al-Sc-Zr alloys”, Acta Materialia, (2012)
  • Chen-Wiegart, Yu-Chen Karen; Dunand, David C.; Voorhees, Peter W.; Wang, Steve; McNulty, Ian, “Structural evolution of nanoporous gold during thermal coarsening”, Acta Materialia, (2012)
  • Dunand, David C.; Ye, Bing; Matsen, Marc R., “Finite-element modeling of titanium powder densification”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, (2012)
  • Almer, J. D.; Dunand, D. C.; Singhal, A.; Deymier-Black, A. C., “Effect of x-ray radiation on the elastic strain evolution in the mineral phase of bovine bone under creep and load-free conditions”, Acta Biomaterialia, (2012)
  • A. Singhal, J. D. Almer and D. C. Dunand, “Variability in the nanoscale deformation of hydroxyapatite during compressive loading in bovine bone”, Acta biomaterialia, (2012)
  • C. Booth-Morrison, D. N. Seidman and D. C. Dunand, “Effect of Er additions on ambient and high-temperature strength of precipitation-strengthened Al-Zr-Sc-Si alloys”, Acta Materialia, (2012)
  • A. C. Deymier-Black, J. D. Almer, S. R. Stock and D. C. Dunand, “Variability in the elastic properties of bovine dentin at multiple length scales”, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, (2012)
  • M. E. Cox, L. J. Kecskes, S. N. Mathaudhu and D. C. Dunand, “Amorphous Hf-based foams with aligned, elongated pores”, Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, (2012)
  • M. E. Krug, D. N. Seidman and D. C. Dunand, “Creep properties and precipitate evolution in Al-Li alloys microalloyed with Sc and Yb”, Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, (2012)
  • Dunand, D. C.; DeFouw, J. D., “Processing and Compressive Creep of Cast Replicated IN792 Ni-base Superalloy Foams”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, (2012)
  • M. L. Young, J. D. DeFouw, J. Frenzel and D. C. Dunand, “Cast-Replicated NiTiCu Foams with Superelastic Properties”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, (2012)
  • C. Booth-Morrison, D. C. Dunand and D. N. Seidman, “Coarsening resistance at 400 degrees C of precipitation-strengthened Al-Zr-Sc-Er alloys”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Seidman, D.N.; Booth-Morrison, C., “Coarsening resistance at 400 C of precipitation-strengthened Al-Zr-Sc-Er alloys”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • M. E. van Dalen, T. Gyger, D. C. Dunand and D. N. Seidman, “Effects of Yb and Zr microalloying additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of dilute Al-Sc alloys”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • M. E. Van Dalen, D. C. Dunand and D. N. Seidman, “Microstructural evolution and creep properties of precipitation-strengthened Al-0.06Sc-0.02Gd and Al-0.06Sc-0.02Yb (at.%) alloys”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • M. E. Krug and D. C. Dunand, “Modeling the creep threshold stress due to climb of a dislocation in the stress field of a misfitting precipitate”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • Dunand, DC; Almer, JD; Brinson, LC; Deymier-Black, AC; Yuan, F., “Evolution of Load Transfer between Hydroxyapatite and Collagen during Creep Deformation of Bone”, Acta Biomaterialia, (2011)
  • AJ Neurohr;DC Dunand, “Shape-memory NiTi with two-dimensional networks of micro-channels”, Acta Biomaterialia, (2011)
  • KE Knipling;DN Seidman;DC Dunand, “Ambient- and high-temperature mechanical properties of isochronally aged Al-0.06Sc, Al-0.06Zr and Al-0.06Sc-0.06Zr (at.%) alloys”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • C Monachon;ME Krug;DN Seidman;DC Dunand, “Chemistry and structure of core/double-shell nanoscale precipitates in Al-6.5Li-0.07Sc-0.02Yb (at.%)”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Seidman, D.N.; Booth-Morrison, C., “Coarsening resistance at 400° C of precipitation-strengthened Al-Zr-Sc-Er alloys”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • XX Zhang;C Witherspoon;P Mullner;DC Dunand, “Effect of pore architecture on magnetic-field-induced strain in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • ME Krug;DC Dunand;DN Seidman, “Effects of Li additions on precipitation-strengthened Al-Sc and Al-Sc-Yb alloys”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • Anselm J. Neurohr;David C. Dunand, “Mechanical anisotropy of shape-memory NiTi with two-dimensional networks of micro-channels”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • JC Li;DC Dunand, “Mechanical properties of directionally freeze-cast titanium foams”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Seidman, D.N.; Van Dalen, M.E., “Microstructural evolution and creep properties of precipitation-strengthened Al?0.06 Sc?0.02 Gd and Al?0.06 Sc?0.02 Yb (at.%) alloys”, Acta materialia, (2011)
  • DJ Jorgensen;DC Dunand, “Structure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V with a replicated network of elongated pores”, Acta Materialia, (2011)
  • A Bansiddhi;DC Dunand, “Niobium Wires as Space Holder and Sintering Aid for Porous NiTi”, Advanced Engineering Materials, (2011)
  • DC Dunand;P Mullner, “Size Effects on Magnetic Actuation in Ni-Mn-Ga Shape-Memory Alloys”, Advanced Materials, (2011)
  • F Yuan;SR Stock;DR Haeffner;JD Almer;DC Dunand;LC Brinson, “A new model to simulate the elastic properties of mineralized collagen fibril”, Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, (2011)
  • Carlo Paolo Sasso;Peiqi Zheng;Vittorio Basso;Peter Muellner;David C. Dunand, “Enhanced field induced martensitic phase transition and magnetocaloric effect in Ni(55)Mn(20)Ga(25) metallic foams”, Intermetallics, (2011)
  • Matthew L. Chastain;Alix C. Deymier-Black;John E. Kelly;James A. Brown;David C. Dunand, “Metallurgical analysis of copper artifacts from Cahokia”, Journal of Archaeological Science, (2011)
  • Ampika Bansiddhi;David C. Dunand, “Processing of NiTi Foams by Transient Liquid Phase Sintering”, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, (2011)
  • Bing Ye;Marc R. Matsen;David C. Dunand, “Blended elemental powder densification of Ti-6Al-4V by hot pressing”, Journal of Materials Research, (2011)
  • Ian M. Robertson;Christopher A. Schuh;John S. Vetrano;Nigel D. Browning;David P. Field;Dorte Juul Jensen;Michael K. Miller;Ian Baker;David C. Dunand;Rafal Dunin-Borkowski;Bernd Kabius;Tom Kelly;Sergio Lozano-Perez;Amit Misra;Gregory S. Rohrer;Anthony D. Rollett;Mitra L. Taheri;Greg B. Thompson;Michael Uchic;Xun-Li Wang;Gary Was, “Towards an integrated materials characterization toolbox”, Journal of Materials Research, (2011)
  • ME Cox;DC Dunand, “Bulk gold with hierarchical macro-, micro- and nano-porosity”, Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, (2011)
  • Dunand, DC; Almer, JD; Haeffner, DR; Deymier-Black, AC, “Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on load transfer between the biomineral and collagen phases in bovine dentin”, Materials Science and Engineering: C, (2011)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Ye, B.; Matsen, M.R., “Finite-Element Modeling of Titanium Powder Densification”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, (2011)
  • AH Brothers;B Mangrich;M Cox;DC Dunand, “Effect of crystalline metallic particles on the compressive behavior of a cellular amorphous metal”, Scripta Materialia, (2011)
  • Dunand, D.; Yuan, F.; Singhal, A.; Deymier-Black, A.C.; Almer, J., “Creep Mechanisms in Bone and Dentin Via High-Energy X-ray Diffraction”, Time Dependent Constitutive Behavior and Fracture/Failure Processes, Volume 3, (2011)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Singhal, A.; Almer, J.D.; Haeffner, D.R., “High-energy X-ray Diffraction Measurement of Bone Deformation During Fatigue”, Time Dependent Constitutive Behavior and Fracture/Failure Processes, Volume 3, (2011)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Brinson, L.C.; Yuan, F.; Singhal, A.; Deymier-Black, A.C., “Modeling Creep and Fatigue Properties of Bone at Nanoscale Level”, Time Dependent Constitutive Behavior and Fracture/Failure Processes, Volume 3, (2011)
  • JA Scott;DC Dunand, “Processing and mechanical properties of porous Fe-26Cr-1Mo for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects”, Acta Materialia, (2010)
  • ML Young;F Casadio;J Marvin;WT Chase;DC Dunand, “AN ANCIENT CHINESE BRONZE FRAGMENT RE-EXAMINED AFTER 50 YEARS: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM MODERN AND TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES”, Archaeometry, (2010)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Kim, S.; Chen, Y.K.; Xiao, X.; Pfeifer, M., “Determination of porosity distribution in nanoporous Au by Fresnel coherent diffractive imaging”, Bulletin of the American Physical Society, (2010)
  • M Chmielus;C Witherspoon;RC Wimpory;A Paulke;A Hilger;XX Zhang;DC Dunand;P Mullner, “Magnetic-field-induced recovery strain in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga foam”, Journal of Applied Physics, (2010)
  • B Ye;DC Dunand, “Titanium foams produced by solid-state replication of NaCl powders”, Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, (2010)
  • Dunand, D.C.; Seidman, D.N.; Monachon, C., “Multishell nanoparticles: Atomic-Scale Characterization of Aluminum-Based Multishell Nanoparticles Created by Solid-State Synthesis (Small 16/2010)”, Small, (2010)
  • AC DEYMIER-BLACK;JD ALMER;SR STOCK;DR HAEFFNER;DC DUNAND, “Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of load partitioning during elastic deformation of bovine dentin”, Acta Biomaterialia, (2010)
  • ME KRUG;A WERBER;DC DUNAND;DN SEIDMAN, “Core-shell nanoscale precipitates in Al-0.06 at.% Sc microalloyed with Tb, Ho, Tm or Lu”, Acta Materialia, (2010)
  • B Ye;MR Matsen;DC Dunand, “Enhanced densification of Ti-6Al-4V powders by transformation-mismatch plasticity”, Acta Materialia, (2010)
  • KE Knipling;RA Karnesky;CP Lee;DC Dunand;DN Seidman, “Precipitation evolution in Al-0.1Sc, Al-0.1Zr and Al-0.1Sc-0.1Zr (at.%) alloys during isochronal aging”, Acta Materialia, (2010)
  • S Oppenheimer;DC Dunand, “Solid-state foaming of Ti-6Al-4V by creep or superplastic expansion of argon-filled pores”, Acta Materialia, (2010)
  • ... D Shoji, CJ Hansen, E Hong, DC Dunand ..., “Printed Origami Structures (Adv. Mater. 20/2010)”, Advanced ..., (2010)
  • BY Ahn;D Shoji;CJ Hansen;E Hong;DC Dunand;JA Lewis, “Printed Origami Structures”, Advanced Materials, (2010)
  • C Monachon;DC Dunand;DN Seidman, “Atomic-Scale Characterization of Aluminum-Based Multishell Nanoparticles Created by Solid-State Synthesis”, Small, (2010)
  • ME VAN DALEN;RA KARNESKY;JR CABOTAJE;DC DUNAND;DN SEIDMAN, “Erbium and ytterbium solubilities and diffusivities in aluminum as determined by nanoscale characterization of precipitates”, Acta Materialia, (2009)
  • M CHMIELUS;XX ZHANG;C WITHERSPOON;DC DUNAND;P MULLNER, “Giant magnetic-field-induced strains in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga foams”, Nature Materials, (2009)