Buildings increasingly need to provide acceptable thermal conditions and indoor air quality while reducing energy use and remaining resilient to extreme weather events and grid disruptions. This presentation examines thermal, air quality, and energy resilience in the built environment using metrics, experiments, and modeling. It emphasizes thermal and air quality resilience during extreme heat and cold, indoor air quality and human exposure, and the performance of older existing buildings with aging systems and envelopes. Several examples, ranging from Chicago's existing housing stock to broader measurement and modeling studies, will be presented to characterize resilience, evaluate existing metrics and limits, and develop improved strategies and guidelines for buildings facing extreme weather and indoor environmental quality challenges.